Biological Effects of Agriculturally Derived Surface Water Pollutants on Aquatic Systems

 

 Environmental manipulations and other human activities are major causes of stress on natural ecosystems. Of the many sources of surface water pollutants, agricultural activities have been identified as major contributors to environmental stress, which affects all ecosystem components. In water, agricultural contaminants are most noticeable when they produce immediate, dramatic toxic effects on aquatic life although more subtle, sublethal chronic effects may be just as damaging over long periods. Aquatic systems have the ability to recover from contaminant damage if not seriously overloaded with irreversible pollutants. Thus, contaminant loading level is as important as type of pollutant. Although suspended sediment represents the largest volume of aquatic contaminant, pesticides, nutrients, and organic enrichment are also major stressors of aquatic life. Stream corridor habitat traps and processes contaminants. Loss of buffering habitat, including riparian zones, accelerates effects of pollutants and should be considered when assessing damage to aquatic life. Protection of habitat is the single most effective means of conserving biological diversity. Current available management practices and promising new technology are providing solutions to many contaminant-related problems in aquatic systems.

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        Human health effects of air pollution

 

 Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment by a number of natural and/or anthropogenic activities and may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. Increased combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the progressive change in the atmospheric composition. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O₃), heavy metals, and respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances. Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs. It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks. In addition, short- and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy. These effects of air pollutants on human health and their mechanism of action are briefly discussed.

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Global warming: ‘Climate change claiming 500 lives annually’

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Research by PILER says Pakistan among top 10 disaster-prone countries. 

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Global warming: Experts endorse UN panel’s findings

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Intergovernmental panel releases the first part of its report, concluding global warming is ‘unequivocal’. 

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Global warming: Experts discuss measures to make capital climate-resilient

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Experts discuss measures to make capital climate-resilient. PHOTO: FIL

ISLAMABAD: 

The move to make the federal capital a climate-resilient city has started with an initiative to assess its vulnerability to climate change and determine adaptation measures.

The Climate Change Division (CCD) and UN-Habitat convened a consultative meeting of stakeholders at the division’s office on Thursday to discuss the “Climate Change Vulnerability Adaptation Assessment in Islamabad Capital Territory.” At the meeting, Irfan Tariq, a director general at CCD, said after assessing risks and identifying gaps in institutional capacity, an action plan would be hammered out to address climate vulnerability. The plan would help improve the ability of city authorities t0 cope with changing weather patterns.

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Impact of climate change: As traditional crops

Impact of climate change: As traditional crops disappear, Thatta farmers grow betel leaf

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A farmer ties betel leaves to a wooden stick inside his farm called Chhappro. 

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Emerging threat: Tackling the climate challenge

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